​Seniors Matter(s): Interesting facts!

Humans are born with about 100-billion brain cells. Until the 1990s, most scientists believed 100-billion was all we’d ever have. Growing new neurons  would interrupt communication among our existing brain cells and short-circuit the whole system — or so the theory went.

Then, a 1998 study found evidence that humans could generate new cells in the brain’s hippocampus, an area associated with learning and memory. More recent studies have largely supported the idea, and suggest that we might be able to make up to 1,500 neurons per day. Though research continues, neurogenesis is good news: Growing fresh neurons may make our brains more resilient against Alzheimer’s, depression, anxiety, and other disorders.

While most people dream in full colour, around 12 per cent of the population is tuned to Turner Classic Movies (so to speak), and often experiences dreams in only black and white.

The analogy to television is an apt one, as researchers discovered in 2008 that people under the age of 25 almost never dreamed in monochrome, while members of the boomer generation and older had dreams devoid of colour roughly a quarter of the time. Although it is difficult to prove definitively that TV is to blame, the number of people who reportedly dream in gray-scale has slowly fallen over the decades.

Gravity is an essential force on Earth: It keeps the planet in orbit at a safe and comfortable distance from the sun, and even holds our atmosphere in place. It does have a downside, however: It weighs down the human body, making us a tiny bit shorter by the end of the day.

From the moment we climb out of bed in the morning, gravitational forces push down on us, applying downward pressure on our joints, compressing our spines, and causing our organs to settle. All that strain adds up, enough to shrink a body by one centimetre.

Gravity is at work whether we’re sitting or standing, but at bedtime, our bodies get a slight reprieve as lying down redirects the force. Sleeping horizontally gives our spines and joints time to decompress and gain back the height lost during the day, making us once again slightly taller by morning.

Much of the work of perceiving the world around us actually takes place in the brain. In a way, our eyes act as a camera, and our brains as a kind of “darkroom” that develops that information into what we call our vision. One of the most perplexing aspects of this dual relationship is that the images projected onto our retina are actually upside-down.

Because the cornea — the transparent part of the eye covering the iris and pupil — is a convex lens, when light enters the cornea, it’s flipped upside down. It’s the brain’s job to translate this inverted information, as well as two-dimensional images, one from each eye, into one cohesive three-dimensional image.

Gold is present in low levels throughout the Earth; it’s been found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the planet’s core, the oceans, plants, and in humans, too. The average human body of about 150 pounds is said to contain about 0.2 milligrams of gold, which we excrete through our skin and hair.

Babies less than three months old tend to have more gold in their manes than older people, thanks to the precious metal being passed along in human breast milk. And while no one’s suggesting we should mine the gold in hair or breast milk (as far as we know), researchers are studying whether gold — and other metals — might be recovered from human waste.

By the time most of us reach age 20 or so, the bones in our body are pretty much done growing. The growth plates that caused us to put on inches in our youth are now hardened bone, and in fact, adults tend to drop an inch or two in height as worn-out cartilage causes our spines to shrink over time.

However, there are a few bones that buck this biological trend. Skulls, for example, never fully stop growing, and the bones also shift as we age. A 2008 study from Duke University determined that as we grow older, the forehead moves forward, while cheek bones tend to move backward. As the skull tilts forward, overlying skin droops and sags.

The skull isn’t the only bone that has a positive correlation with age. Human hips also continue to widen as the decades pass, meaning those extra inches aren’t only due to a loss of youthful metabolism. In 2011, researchers from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine discovered that hips continue to grow well into our 70s, and found that an average 79-year-old’s pelvic width was one inch wider than an average 20-year-old’s.

Human eyes are entirely unique; just like fingerprints, no two sets are alike. But some genetic anomalies create especially unlikely “windows” to the world — like gray eyes. Eye experts once believed that human eyes could appear in only three colours: brown, blue, and green, sometimes with hazel or amber added.

More recently, the ashy hue that was once lumped into the blue category has been regrouped as its own, albeit rarely seen, colour. Brown-eyed folks are in good company, with up to 80 per cent of the global population sporting the shade, while blue eyes are the second most common hue. Traditionally, green was considered the least common eye colour, though researchers now say gray is the rarest, with less than one per cent of the population seeing through steel-coloured eyes.

The human nose can smell up to one-trillion odours, trap harmful debris in the air before it enters your lungs, and affect your sex life. But, arguably, its most important job is to condition the air you breathe before that air enters your respiratory tract. This means warming and humidifying the air before it passes to your throat and beyond.

To do this, the nose undergoes a nasal cycle in which one nostril sucks in the majority of the air while the other nostril takes in the remaining portion. A few hours later (on average), the nostrils switch roles. This cycle is regulated by the body’s autonomic nervous system, which swells or deflates erectile tissue found in the nose.

Although we don’t notice this switch throughout the day, if you cover your nostrils with your thumb one at a time, you’ll likely observe that air flow through one is significantly higher than the other. This is also why one nostril tends to be more congested than the other when you have a cold.

While the majority of us wouldn’t consider our vision to be extraordinary, the human eye can see much farther than most of us realize. That’s because our ability to perceive an object is based not only on its size and proximity, but also on the brightness of the source. Practically speaking, our sight is hindered by factors such as atmospheric conditions and the Earth’s curvature, which creates the drop-off point of the horizon just three miles away.

However, a trip outside on a clear night reveals the true power of our vision since most of us are able to make out the faint haze of the Andromeda galaxy some 2.6-million light-years into space.

Bioluminescence, the strange biology that causes certain creatures to glow, is usually found at the darkest depths of the ocean where the sun’s light doesn’t reach. While these light-emitting animals seem other-worldly, the trait is actually pretty common — in fact, you’re probably glowing right now.

According to researchers at Tohoku Institute of Technology in Japan, humans have their own bioluminescence, but at levels 1,000 times less than our eyes can detect. This subtle human light show, viewable thanks to ultra-sensitive cameras, is tied to our metabolism.

Free radicals produced as part of our cell respiration interact with lipids and proteins in our bodies, and if they come in contact with a fluorescent chemical compound known as fluorophores, they can produce photons of light. This glow is mostly concentrated around our cheeks, forehead, and neck, and most common during the early afternoon hours, when our metabolism is at its busiest.

You know hands, shoulders, knees, and toes (knees and toes), but has anyone ever introduced you to the glabella? This isn’t some hidden-away body part like the back of the elbow or something spleen-adjacent — it’s smack dab in the middle of your face.

Latin for “smooth, hairless, bald,” the glabella is the small patch of skull nestled in the middle of your two superciliary arches (also known as your eyebrow ridges). Many people know of the glabella because of the wrinkles, or “glabellar lines,” that can appear in the area.

Early humans were hunter-gatherers who survived on leaves, roots, meat, and nuts — things that required a lot of crushing ability. The more grinding teeth you have, the easier it is to eat tough foods. As humans evolved, they began to cook their food, making it softer and easier to chew. Having three full sets of molars became unnecessary.

Early humans also had larger jaws than we do today, which were able to support more teeth. Over time, as the need for super-powerful jaws decreased, human jaws got smaller. But the number of teeth stayed the same. That’s why today, many people need to get their wisdom teeth removed in order to create more space. Yet because wisdom teeth aren’t necessary for modern humans, they may someday cease to exist at all.

Researchers estimate that some 300-million people around the world are colourblind, most of them male. On the opposite end of the spectrum are those with an exceedingly rare genetic condition that allows them to see nearly 100-million colours — or 100 times as many as the rest of us.

It’s called tetrachromacy, or “super vision,” and it’s the result of having four types of cone cells in the retina rather than the usual three. (Cones help our eyes detect light and are key to colour vision.) Because of the way the condition is passed down via the X-chromosome, the mutation occurs exclusively in women.

Maybe you’ve heard peppy TED Talk speakers say that our brains have limitless potential … if only we could employ them to their fullest extent. They might have been referring to the myth that we use just 10 per cent of our brain power at a given time. This old chestnut probably grew from a 1907 article for the journal “Science” by William James, one of the founders of modern psychology.

“Compared with what we ought to be, we are only half awake … we are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources,” he wrote. Dale Carnegie cited James in “How to Win Friends and Influence People,” his 1936 self-help bestseller. Eventually, someone — it isn’t clear who — claimed we were ignoring 90 per cent of our mental powers. But there’s no scientific basis for the belief.

Babies pack a lot of bones in their tiny bodies — around 300, in fact, which is nearly 100 more than adult humans have. The reason for this is biologically genius: These extra bones, many of which are made entirely or partly of cartilage, help babies remain flexible in the womb and (most crucially) at birth, making it easier for them to pass through the birth canal.

As a baby grows into childhood and eventually early adulthood, the cartilage ossifies while other bones fuse together. This explains the “soft spots” in a baby’s skull, where the bones have yet to fuse completely.

If you’ve ever seen someone track his pulse (in real life or on a crime drama), you’ll notice that the index and middle fingers are always pressed on the neck’s carotid artery, which is responsible for transporting blood to the brain. There’s a reason why doctors (and actors who play doctors on TV) use these fingers and not, say, their thumbs.

While your thumb is good for many things, taking your pulse isn’t one of them. Unlike the other four digits, the thumb has its own exclusive artery, the princeps pollicis, which makes it biologically unreliable as a pulse reader — because you’ll feel it pulse instead of the artery in your neck.

We’ve all heard that we have five senses: sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. That idea goes back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle — but it’s wrong. Modern science has identified as many as 32 senses, by looking at receptors in our bodies with the job of receiving and conveying specific information.

Senses you might not know you have, include your vestibular sense, which controls balance and orientation; proprioception, which governs how our bodies occupy space; thermoception, which monitors temperature; nociception, our sense of pain; and many more.

Many gourmands enjoy topping their fish, salads, and soups with a smattering of cilantro, while the herb makes others feel like they’re biting into a bar of Ivory Spring. The reason appears to be a matter of genetics. One 2012 study showed that people equipped with certain olfactory receptor genes are more prone to detecting cilantro’s aldehydes, compounds also commonly found in household cleaning agents and perfumes.

While the percentage of the population that suffers from this fate tops out at about 20 per cent, the resulting taste is apparently awful enough to spark passionate responses of the sort found on Facebook’s “I Hate Cilantro” page, which has more than 26,000 likes at the time of writing.

All humans demonstrate the same expressions for emotions the world over, according to body language expert David Matsumoto. That’s because we all generally have the same facial muscles and structure, regardless of age, sex, ethnicity, or culture. However, culture helps determine what emotions are expressed when — and how those expressions are perceived.

There are some surprising lengths packed inside the human body. The small intestine, for example, could stretch 22 feet end to end (though hopefully it never has to). Not to be outdone, our nerves could stretch 37 miles if laid end to end. However, none of this compares to our circulatory system. According to the British Heart Foundation, the veins in an adult human could stretch an astonishing 60,000 miles — that’s farther than it takes to circumnavigate the globe twice. Capillaries, which transport blood between arteries and veins, make up 80 per cent of this length.

There are 206 bones in the average adult human body, and our hands take up the lion’s share. Each hand is home to 27 bones, along with 34 muscles and 123 ligaments. Some experts estimate that a quarter of the motor cortex, the part of the brain responsible for voluntary movement, is devoted to the manipulation of our hands alone.

Although hands are impressive structures, they only just beat our feet by one bone. Because Homo sapiens’ primate ancestors walked on all fours, human hands and feet developed in similar ways. In fact, almost every bone in the palm is arranged in a pattern similar to the metatarsals in the foot. The only exception is a bone located at the edge of the wrist called the pisiform, which attaches various ligaments and tendons.

After birth, a baby mostly sees in black and white — and that’s only the beginning of its problems. A newborn’s vision is also incredibly fuzzy and limited to around eight to 12 inches from its face during the first few weeks of life. Whereas average human sight is considered 20/20, it’s estimated that a newborn’s vision lies somewhere between 20/200 and 20/400.

Because red has the longest wavelength (at 700 nanometers), the colour doesn’t scatter easily, and it’s the first hue capable of being detected by a baby’s reduced visual range. Fortunately, most babies have attained most of the normal human visual faculties within a year from birth.

Your “funny bone,” named as such for its location near the humerus bone — “humorous,” get it? — is not really a bone at all. Rather, it’s part of the ulnar nerve, which runs from your neck all the way to your hand. Nerves are usually protected by bone, muscle, and fat, so they can perform their bio-electrical functions undisturbed, but a small part of the ulnar nerve in the back of the elbow is a little more exposed.

There, the nerve is protected only by a tunnel of tissue, known as the cubital tunnel, so when you hit your “funny bone,” the ulnar nerve presses against the medial epicondyle (one of the knobby ends of the humerus bone), which in turn, sends a painful sensation throughout your lower arm and hand. And because the nerve gives feeling to the pinky and ring fingers, those two digits may feel particularly sensitive compared to your other three fingers.

Our tongues, like our fingerprints, are specific to each individual. That’s right — people have tongue prints, which vary from one person to another due to both shape and texture. And perhaps surprisingly, the organ has been gaining some popularity as a method for biometric authentication. Where fingerprints can be altered, eyes affected by astigmatisms or cataracts, and voices changed just by the all-too-common cold, the human tongue is relatively protected from external factors.

Sticking out one’s tongue for a print also involves a layer of conscious control and consent that goes beyond what’s required for retinal scans or even fingerprinting, which could make it a more appealing biometric tool. In fact, these “lingual impressions” may be so advantageous over other forms of authentication that some researchers have started investigating the idea of a tongue print database, using high-resolution digital cameras to record every ridge, line, and contour of that muscular organ in our mouths.

The involuntary spasmodic interruptions known as hiccups usually last only a few minutes. Then there’s the strange case of Charles Osborne, who was afflicted with a continuous case of hiccups for 68 years — recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest case of hiccups in history.

Osborne’s story began with an accident on June 13, 1922, in which he accidentally slipped and fell. His doctor later said he popped a blood vessel in his brain the size of a pin and theorized that Osborne must have damaged the incredibly small area of the brain that controls and inhibits hiccups. Osborne’s diaphragm spasmed 20-40 times per minute, on average, during his waking hours — meaning he hiccuped roughly 430-million times throughout his life.

To cope with this never-before-seen disorder, Osborne learned breathing techniques that effectively masked his constant hiccuping. Although he travelled the world in search of a cure — even offering $10,000 to anyone who could find one — the best he could do was cope with the affliction.

Finally, in 1990, his diaphragm suddenly ended its 68-year-long spasmodic episode on its own. Osborne died less than a year later, but he was at least able to experience the final days of his life sans hiccups.

Now that’s a L-O-N-G time.

‘Till next time!